BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abramson, Harvey, 'Definite clause translation grammars,' in 1984
International Symposium on Logic Programming, pp. 233-240,
IEEE Computer Society Press, Silver Spring, MD, 1984.

Abramson, Harvey, 'Sequential and concurrent deterministic logic
grammars,' in Proceedings of the Third International Confer-
ence on Logic Programming, ed. Ehud Shapiro, pp. 389-395,
Springer, Berlin, 1986.

Ahlswede, Thomas E., 'A tool kit for lexicon building,' ACL
Proceedings, 23rd Annual Meeting, pp. 268-276, 1985.

Aho, Alfred V., 'Indexed grammars-an extension of context-free
grammars,' Journal of the ACM, vol. 15, pp. 647-671, 1968.

Aho, Alfred V., John E. Hopcroft, and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Data
Structures and Algorithms, Addison Wesley, Reading, Ma,
1982.

Aho, Alfred V. and Jeffrey D. Ullman, The Theory of Parsing,
Translation, and Compiling, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1972.

Aho, Alfred V. and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Principles of Compiler
Design, Addison Wesley, Reading, Ma, 1977.

Alam, Yukiko Sasaki, 'A two-level morphological analysis of
Japanese,' Texas Linguistic Forum, vol. 22, pp. 229-252,
1983.

Allen, James F., 'Recognizing intentions from natural language
utterances,' in Computational Models of Discourse, ed.
Michael Brady and Robert C. Berwick, pp. 107-166, MIT Press,
Cambridge, Ma., 1983.

Allen, James, Natural Language Understanding, Benjamin/Cummings,
Menlo Park, 1987.

Allen, James F. and C. Raymond Perrault, 'Analyzing intention in
utterances,' Artificial Intelligence, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.
143-178, 1980.
Reprinted in Readings in Natural Language Processing, ed.
Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber,
pp. 441-458, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1986 (1980).

Alshawi, Hiyan, Memory and Context for Language Interpretation,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

Alshawi, Hiyan, Branimir K. Boguraev, and Edward J. Briscoe, 'To-
wards a dictionary support environment for real time pars-
ing,' ACL Proceedings, Second European Conference, pp. 171-
178, 1985.

Appelt, Douglas E., Planning English Sentences, Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, Cambridge, 1985.

Ballard, Bruce W. and Mark A. Jones, 'Computational linguistics,'
in Encyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C.
Shapiro, pp. 133-151, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Barnett, Brigitte, Hubert Lehmann, and Magdalena Zoeppritz, 'A
word database for natural language processing,' COLING-86,
pp. 435-440, 1986.

Barr, Avron and Edward A. Feigenbaum, eds., The Handbook of Ar-
tificial Intelligence, 1, William Kaufmann., Palo Alto,
1981.

Barton Jr., G. Edward, Robert C. Berwick, and Eric Sven Ristad,
Computational Complexity and Natural Language, MIT Press,
Cambridge, Ma., 1987.

Bartsch, Renate, 'Frame representations and discourse representa-
tions,' Theoretical Linguistics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 65-117,
1987.

Barwise, Jon, 'Some computational aspects of situation seman-
tics,' ACL Proceedings, 19th Annual Meeting, pp. 109-111,
1981.

Barwise, Jon and John Perry, Situations and Attitudes, MIT Press,
Cambridge MA, 1983.

Bates, Madeleine, 'The theory and practice of ATN grammars,' in
Natural Language Communication with Computers, ed. L. Bolc,
pp. ??-??, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1978.

Bear, John, 'Morphology with two-level rules and negative rule
features,' COLING-88, pp. 28-31, 1988.

Beierle, Christoph and Udo Pletat, 'Feature graphs and abstract
data types: a unifying approach,' COLING-88, pp. 40-45,
1988.

Benthem, Johan van and Alice ter Meulen, Generalized quantifiers
in natural language, Foris, Dordrecht, 1985.

Bla^berg, Olli, 'A two-level description of Swedish,' in Computa-
tional Morphosyntax: Report on Research 1981-1984, ed. Fred
Karlsson, pp. 43-62, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 1985.

Black, Alan, Graeme Ritchie, Steve Pulman, and Graham Russell,                     
'Formalisms for morphographemic description,' ACL Proceed-
ings, Third European Conference, pp. 11-18, 1987.

Blank, Glenn D., 'A new kind of finite-state automation: register
vector grammar,' IJCAI-85, vol. 2, pp. 749-755, 1985.

Bobrow, Danny G. and J. Bruce Fraser, 'An augmented state transi-
tion network analysis procedure,' IJCAI-69, pp. 557-567,
1969.

Boguraev, Branimir K., Edward J. Briscoe, John Carroll, David
Carter, and Claire Grover, 'The derivation of grammatically
indexed lexicon from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English,' ACL Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting, pp. 193-200,
1987.

Boguraev, Branimir K., David Carter, and Ted Briscoe, 'A multi-
purpose interface to an on-line dictionary,' ACL Proceed-
ings, Third European Conference, pp. 63-69, 1987.

Bolc, ed., Leonard, Natural Language Question Answering Systems,
Hanser, Munich, 1980.

Bouma, Gosse, 'Modifiers and specifiers in categorial unification
grammar,' Linguistics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 21-46, 1988.

Boyer, Michel, 'Towards functional logic grammars,' in Natural
Language Understanding and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica
Dahl and Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 45-61, North-Holland, Am-
sterdam, 1988.

Brachman, Ronald J. and Hector J. Levesque, Readings in Knowledge
Representation, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1985.

Brachman, Ronald J. and J. Schmolze, 'An overview of the KL-ONE
knowledge representation system,' Cognitive Science, vol. 9,
no. 2, pp. 171-216, 1985.

Bratko, Ivan, Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence,
Addison Wesley, Wokingham, 1986.

Briscoe, Edward J. and Branimir K. Boguraev, Computational Lexi-
cography for Natural Language Processing, Longman/Wiley,
London/New York, 1988.

Brodda, Benny, 'BetaText: an event driven text processing and
text analyzing system,' COLING-86, pp. 421-422, 1986.

Bruce, Bertram C. and M.G. Moser, 'Case grammar,' in Encyclo-
paedia of Artificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro,
pp. 333-339, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Bundy, Alan, The Computer Modelling of Mathematical Reasoning,                     
Academic Press, London, 1983.

Bunt, Harry C., 'The resolution of quantificational ambiguities
in the TENDUM computational linguistics research system,'
COLING-84, pp. 130-133, 1984.

Calder, Jonathan, Ewan Klein, and Henk Zeevat, 'Unification
Categorial Grammar: a concise, extendable grammar for natur-
al language processing,' COLING-88, pp. 83-86, 1988.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Eugenio Picchi, 'Acquisition of semantic
information from an on-line dictionary,' COLING-88, pp. 87-
92, 1988.

Carden, Guy, 'The non-finite-state-ness of the word formation
component,' Linguistic Inquiry, vol. 14, pp. 537-541, 1983.

Carlson, Lauri and Krister Linden, 'Unification as a grammatical
tool,' Nordic Journal of Linguistics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp.
111-136, 1987.

Carson, Julie, 'Unification and transduction in computational
phonology,' COLING-88, pp. 106-111, 1988.

Cercone, Nick, Max Krause, and John Boates, 'Minimal and almost
minimal perfect hash function search with application to na-
tural language lexicon design,' Computers and Mathematics
with Applications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 215-231, 1983.

Charniak, Eugene, 'Jack and Jane in search of a theory of
knowledge,' in Readings in Natural Language Processing, ed.
Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber,
pp. 331-337, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1986 (1973).

Charniak, Eugene, 'A parser with something for everyone,' in
Parsing Natural Language, ed. Margaret King, pp. 117-149,
Academic Press, London, 1983.

Charniak, Eugene and Robert Goldman, 'A logic for semantic in-
terpretation,' ACL Proceedings, 26th Annual Meeting, pp.
00-00, 1988.

Charniak, Eugene and Drew V. McDermott, Introduction to Artifi-
cial Intelligence, Addison Wesley, Reading, Ma, 1985.

Charniak, Eugene, Christopher K. Riesbeck, and Drew V. McDermott,
Artificial Intelligence Programming, Lawrence Erlbaum,
Hillsdale, 1980.

Choffrut, Christian and Karel Culik II, 'Properties of finite and                     
pushdown transducers,' SIAM Journal of Computing, vol. 12,
no. 2, pp. 300-315, 1983.

Church, Kenneth W., 'A finite-state parser for use in speech
recognition,' ACL Proceedings, 21st Annual Meeting, pp. 91-
97, 1983.

Church, Kenneth W., 'Phrase Structure Parsing: A Method for Tak-
ing Advantage of Allophonic Constraints,' MIT PhD Disserta-
tion, Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington,
1983.

Church, Kenneth W. and Ramesh Patil, 'Coping with syntactic ambi-
guity or how to put the block in the box on the table,'
American Journal of Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.
3-4, pp. 139-149, 1982.

Clocksin, William and Christopher Mellish, Programming in Prolog,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981.

Coelho, Helder and Jose' C. Cotta, Prolog by Example, Springer,
Berlin, 1988.

Cohen, Philip R., 'Referring as requesting,' COLING-84, pp. 207-
211, 1984.

Cohen, Philip R. and Hector J. Levesque, 'Speech acts and ra-
tionality,' ACL Proceedings, 23rd Annual Meeting, pp. 49-60,
1985.

Cohen, Philip R. and C. Raymond Perrault, 'Elements of a plan-
based theory of speech acts,' in Readings in Natural
Language Processing, ed. Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-
Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber, pp. 423-440, Morgan Kaufmann,
Los Altos, 1986 (1979).

Colmerauer, Alain, 'Metamorphosis grammars,' in Natural Language
Communication with Computers, ed. L. Bolc, pp. 133-189,
Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1978.

Conway, M.E., 'Design of a separable transition-diagram com-
piler,' Communications of the ACM, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 396-
408, 1963.

Cooper, Robin, Quantification and Syntactic Theory, Reidel, Dor-
drecht, 1983.

Cooper, Robin, 'Meaning representation in Montague grammar and
situation semantics,' Computational Intelligence, vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 35-44, 1987.

Cullingford, Richard E., 'SAM,' in Readings in Natural Language
Processing, ed. Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and

Bonnie Lynn Webber, pp. 627-649, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos,
1986 (1981).

Culy, Christopher, 'The complexity of the vocabulary of Bambara,'
Linguistics and Philosophy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 345-351,
1985.

Daelemans, Walter M. P., 'A tool for the automatic creation, ex-
tension and updating of lexical knowledge bases,' ACL
Proceedings, Third European Conference, pp. 70-74, 1987.

Dahl, Veronica and Harvey Abramson, 'On gapping grammars,'
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Logic
Programming, pp. 77-88, Ord & Form, Uppsala, Sweden, July
1984.

Dahl, Veronica and Michael C. McCord, 'Treating coordination in
logic grammars,' American Journal of Computational Linguis-
tics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 69-91, 1983.

Dahl, Veronica and Patrick Saint-Dizier, eds., Natural Language
Understanding and Logic Programming, North-Holland, Amster-
dam, 1985.

Dahl, Veronica and Patrick Saint-Dizier, eds., Natural Language
Understanding and Logic Programming, II, North-Holland, Am-
sterdam, 1988.

Kathleen Dahlgren, Naive Semantics for Na-
tural Language Understanding, Kluwer, Boston, 1988.

Daly, R. T., Applications of the Mathematical Theory of Linguis-
tics, Mouton, The Hague, 1974.

De Smedt, Koenraad, 'Using object-oriented knowledge-
representation techniques in morphology and syntax program-
ming,' ECAI-84, pp. 181-184, 1984.

Domenig, Marc and Patrick Shann, 'Towards a dedicated database
management system for dictionaries,' COLING-86, pp. 91-96,
1986.

Dowty, David R., Lauri Karttunen, and Arnold M. Zwicky, eds., Na-
tural Language Parsing, Cambridge University Press, Cam-
bridge, 1985.

Dowty, David R., Robert Wall, and P. Stanley Peters, Introduction
to Montague Semantics, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1981.

Dyer, Michael G., Richard E. Cullingford, and S. Alvarado,
'Scripts,' in Encyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence, ed.
Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 980-994, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Earley, Jay, 'An efficient context-free parsing algorithm,' Com-                     
munications of the ACM, vol. 14, pp. 453-460, 1970.
Reprinted in Readings in Natural Language Processing, ed. Barbara J.
Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber, pp. 25-33,
Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1986 (1970).

Eisele, Andreas and Jochen Do'rre, 'A lexical functional grammar
system in PROLOG,' COLING-86, pp. 551-553, 1986.

Ejerhed, Eva, 'The processing of unbounded dependencies in Swed-
ish,' in Readings on Unbounded Dependencies in Scandinavian
Languages, ed. Elisabet Engdahl and Eva Ejerhed, pp. 99-149,
Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1982.

Ejerhed, Eva and Kenneth W. Church, 'Finite state parsing,' in
Papers from the Seventh Scandinavian Conference of Linguis-
tics, ed. Fred Karlsson, pp. 410-432, University of Hel-
sinki, Helsinki, 1983.

Engdahl, Elisabet, Constituent Questions, Reidel, Dordrecht,
1986.

Etherington, David W., Reasoning with Incomplete Information,
Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann, London/Los Altos, 1988.

Evans, David A., 'A situation semantics approach to the analysis
of speech acts,' ACL Proceedings, 19th Annual Meeting, pp.
113-116, 1981.

Evans, David A. and Sandra Katz, 'A practical lexicon for con-
strained NLP,' in ESCOL'86 Proceedings of the Third Eastern
States Conference on Linguistics, ed. Fred Marshall, Ann
Miller and Zheng-sheng Zhang, pp. 151-162, Ohio State
University, Columbus, 1986.

Evans, David A. and Dana S. Scott, 'Concepts as procedures,' in
ESCOL'86 Proceedings of the Third Eastern States Conference
on Linguistics, ed. Fred Marshall, Ann Miller and Zheng-
sheng Zhang, pp. 533-543, Ohio State University, Columbus,
1986.

Evey, R. James, 'Application of pushdown-store machines,' in
Proceedings of the 1963 Fall Joint Computer Conference, pp.
215-227, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J., 1963.

Fenstad, Jens Erik, Per-Kristian Halvorsen, Tore Langholm, and
Johan van Benthem, Situations, Language and Logic, Reidel,
Dordrecht, 1987.

Fillmore, Charles J., 'The case for case,' in Universals in
Linguistic Theory, ed. Emmon Bach and Robert Harms, pp. 1-
88, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1968.

Flickinger, Daniel P., Carl J. Pollard, and Thomas Wasow,
'Structure-sharing in lexical representation,' ACL Proceed-
ings, 23rd Annual Meeting, pp. 262-267, 1985.

Frazier, Lyn and Janet D. Fodor, 'The sausage machine: a new two
stage parsing model,' Cognition, vol. 6, pp. 291-325, 1978.

Friedman, Joyce, Douglas B. Moran, and David S. Warren, 'An in-
terpretation system for Montague grammar,' American Journal
of Computational Linguistics, vol. 5, 1978.  Microfiche 74

Friedman, Joyce, Douglas B. Moran, and David S. Warren, 'Explicit
finite intensional Models for PTQ,' American Journal of Com-
putational Linguistics, vol. 5, 1978.  Microfiche 74

Frisch, Alan M., 'Parsing with restricted quantification: an ini-
tial demonstration,' Computational Intelligence, vol. 2, no.
3, pp. 142-150, 1986.

Gajek, Oliver, Hanno T. Beck, Diane Elder, and Greg Whittemore,
'KIMMO Lisp implementation,' Texas Linguistic Forum, vol.
22, pp. 187-202, 1983.

Gallaire, H. and Jack Minker, Logic and Databases, Plenum, New
York, 1978.

Gallier, Jean H., Logic for Computer Science, Harper & Row, New
York, 1986.

Ga'denfors, Peter, Generalized Quantifiers, Reidel, Dordrecht,
1987.

Garnham, Alan, 'What's wrong with story grammars?,' Cognition,
vol. 15, pp. 145-154, 1983.

Gazdar, Gerald, Geoffrey K. Pullum, Robert Carpenter, Ewan Klein,
Thomas E. Hukari, and Robert D. Levine, 'Category struc-
tures,' Computational Linguistics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-19,
1988.

Gazdar, Gerald, 'Review article: finite state morphology,'
Linguistics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 597-607, 1985.

Gazdar, Gerald, 'Linguistic applications of default inheritance
mechanisms,' in Linguistic Theory & Computer Applications,
ed. Peter Whitelock, Mary McGee Wood, Harold L. Somers, Rod
L. Johnson and Paul Bennett, pp. 37-67, Academic Press, Lon-
don, 1987.

Gazdar, Gerald, 'Applicability of indexed grammars to natural
languages,' in Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic
Theories, ed. U. Reyle and C. Rohrer, pp. 69-94, D. Reidel,
Dordrecht, 1988.

Gazdar, Gerald, Alex Franz, Karen Osborne, and Roger Evans, Na-
tural Language Processing in the 1980s: A Bibliography,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987.

Gazdar, Gerald and Geoffrey K. Pullum, 'Computationally relevant
properties of natural languages and their grammars,' New
Generation Computing, vol. 3, pp. 273-306, 1985.

Gazdar, Gerald, Ewan Klein, Geoffrey Pullum, and Ivan Sag, Gen-
eralized Phrase Structure Grammar, Blackwell, Oxford, 1985.

Genesereth, Michael R. and Nils J. Nilsson, Logical Foundations
of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos,
1987.

Gersting, Judith L., Mathematical Structures for Computer Sci-
ence, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1982.

Gibbon, Dafydd, 'Finite state processing of tone systems,' ACL
Proceedings, Third European Conference, pp. 291-297, 1987.

Ginsberg, Matthew L., Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Morgan
Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1987.

Go'rz, Gu'nther, 'GLP: a general linguistic processor,' IJCAI-81,
vol. 1, pp. 429-431, 1981.

Go'rz, Gu'nther, 'Applying a chart parser to speech understanding,'
ECAI-82, pp. 257-258, 1982.

Go'rz, Gu'nther and Dietrich Paulus, 'A finite state approach to
German verb morphology,' COLING-88, pp. 212-215, 1988.

Gold, E. Mark, 'Language identification in the limit,' Informa-
tion and Control, vol. 10, pp. 447-474, 1967.

Gray, Peter, Logic, Algebra and Databases, Ellis Horwood, Chi-
chester, 1984.

Grishman, Ralph, Computational Linguistics: An Introduction, Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.

Groenendijk, Jeroen A.G. and Martin B.J. Stokhof, Studies on the
semantics of questions and the pragmatics of answers,
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1984.

Grosz, Barbara J., 'The representation and use of focus in dialo-
gue understanding,' PhD dissertation, University of Califor-
nia at Berkeley, 1977.

Grosz, Barbara J., Douglas E. Appelt, Paul A. Martin, and Fernan-
do C.N. Pereira, 'TEAM: An experiment in the design of tran-
sportable natural-language interfaces,' Artificial Intelli-
gence, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 173-243, 1987.

Grosz, Barbara J. and Candace L. Sidner, 'Attentions, intentions,
and the structure of discourse,' Computational Linguistics,
vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 175-204, 1986.

Grosz, Barbara J., Karen Sparck-Jones, and Bonnie Lynn Webber,
eds., Readings in Natural Language Processing, Morgan Kauf-
mann, Los Altos, 1986.

Gunji, Takao, Japanese Phrase Structure Grammar, Reidel, Dor-
drecht, 1987.

Haas, Andrew, 'Parallel parsing for unification grammars,'
IJCAI-87, vol. 2, pp. 615-618, 1987.

Haddock, Nicholas J., 'Incremental interpretation and combinatory
categorial grammar,' IJCAI-87, vol. 2, pp. 661-663, 1987.

Haddock, Nicholas, Ewan Klein, and Glyn Morrill, eds, Categorial
Grammar, Unification Grammar and Parsing, Centre for Cogni-
tive Science, Edinburgh, 1987.

Hankamer, Jorge, 'Finite state morphology and left to right pho-
nology,' in Proceedings of the First West Coast Conference
on Formal Linguistics, ed. Mary Dalrymple, Jeffrey Goldberg,
Kristin Hanson, Michael Inman, Chris Pinon, and Stephen
Wechsler, pp. 29-34, Stanford Linguistics Association, Stan-
ford, 1986.

Harel, David, 'Statecharts: a visual formalism for complex sys-
tems,' Science of Computer Programming, vol. 8, pp. 231-274,
1987.

Hasida, Ko^iti, 'Conditioned unification for natural language pro-
cessing,' COLING-86, pp. 85-87, 1986.

Hasida, Ko^iti and Syun Isizaki, 'Dependency propagation: a uni-
fied theory of sentence comprehension and generation,'
IJCAI-87, vol. 2, pp. 664-670, 1987.

Hawkins, John A., Definiteness and Indefiniteness, Croom
Helm/Humanities Press, London/Atlantic Highlands, N.J.,
1978.

Heidorn, George E., 'Experience with an easily computed metric
for ranking alternative parses,' ACL Proceedings, 20th Annu-
al Meeting, pp. 82-84, 1982.

Hellwig, Peter, 'Dependency unification grammar,' COLING-86, pp.
195-198, 1986.

Hendrix, Gary G., 'Expanding the utility of semantic networks
through partitioning,' IJCAI-75, pp. 115-121, 1975.

Heny, Frank, Ambiguities in Intensional Contexts, Reidel, Dor-
drecht, 1981.

Hess, Michael, 'Descriptional anaphora in discourse representa-
tion theory,' ACL Proceedings, Third European Conference,
pp. 148-155, 1987.

Hinrichs, Erhard W., 'A compositional semantics for directional
modifiers - locative case reopened,' COLING-86, pp. 347-349,
1986.

Hinrichs, Erhard W., 'A compositional semantics of temporal ex-
pressions in English,' ACL Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting,
pp. 8-15, 1987.

Hirakawa, H., 'Chart parsing in concurrent Prolog,' ICOT Techni-
cal Report TR-008, Institute for New Generation Computer
Technology (ICOT), Tokyo, 1983.

Hirsh, Susan, 'P-PATR: A compiler for unification-based gram-
mars,' in Natural Language Understanding and Logic Program-
ming, ed. Veronica Dahl and Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 63-78,
North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988.

Hirst, Graeme, 'A foundation for semantic interpretation,' ACL
Proceedings, 21st Annual Meeting, pp. 64-73, 1983.

Hirst, Graeme, Semantic Interpretation and the Resolution of Am-
biguity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.

Hobbs, Jerry R., 'An improper treatment of quantification in or-
dinary English,' ACL Proceedings, 21st Annual Meeting, pp.
57-63, 1983.

Hobbs, Jerry and Stanley Rosenschein, 'Making computational sense
of Montague's intensional logic,' Artificial Intelligence,
vol. 9, pp. 287-306, 1978.

Hobbs, Jerry R. and Stuart M. Shieber, 'An algorithm for generat-
ing quantifier scopings,' Computational Linguistics, vol.
13, no. 1-2, pp. 47-63, 1987.

Hofstadter, Douglas R., Go'del, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden
Braid, Basic Books, New York, 1979.

Hopcroft, John and Jeffrey Ullman, Introduction to automata
theory, languages, and computation, Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts, 1979.

Horrocks, Geoffrey, Generative Grammar, Longman, London, 1987.

Horton, Diane L. and Graeme Hirst, 'Presuppositions as beliefs,'
COLING-88, pp. 255-260, 1988.

Hurum, Sven O., 'Handling scope ambiguities in English,' ACL
Proceedings, Second Conference on Applied Natural Language
Processing, pp. 58-65, 1988.

Hurum, Sven O. and Lenhart K. Schubert, 'Two types of quantifier
scoping,' Proceedings of the 6th Canadian Conference on Ar-
tificial Intelligence, pp. 39-43, 1986.

Hutchins, W. John, Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future,
Ellis Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New York, 1986.

Huybregts, Riny, 'The weak inadequacy of context-free phrase
structure grammar,' in Van Periferie naar Kern, ed. Gier de
Haan, Mieke Trommelen and Wim Zonneveld, pp. 81-99, Foris,
Dordrecht, 1985.

Isoda, Michio, Hideo Aiso, Noriyuki Kamibayashi, and Yoshifumi
Matsunaga, 'Model for lexical knowledge base,' COLING-86,
pp. 451-453, 1986.

Israel, David J., 'A prolegomenon to situation semantics,' ACL
Proceedings, 21st Annual Meeting, pp. 28-37, 1983.

Jacobs, Paul and Uri Zernik, 'Acquiring lexical knowledge from
text: a case study,' AAAI-88, pp. 00-00, 1988.

Johnson, C. Douglas, Formal Aspects of Phonological Description,
Mouton, The Hague, 1972.

Johnson, Rod L., 'Parsing with transition networks,' in Parsing
Natural Language, ed. Margaret King, pp. 59-72, Academic
Press, London, 1983.

Johnson, Tim, Natural Language Computing: the Commercial Implica-
tions, Ovum, London, 1985.

Johnson, Mark, A Logic of Attribute-Value Structures and the
Theory of Grammar, CSLI/Chicago University Press        ,
Stanford/Chicago, 1988.

Johnson, Mark and Ewan Klein, 'Discourse, anaphora and parsing,'
COLING-86, pp. 669-675, 1986.

Johnson-Laird, Philip N., Mental Models, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1983.

Joshi, Aravind K., Bonnie Lynn Webber, and Ivan A. Sag, eds.,
Elements of Discourse Understanding, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1981.

Joshi, Aravind K., 'Phrase structure grammar,' in Encyclopaedia
of Artificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 344-
351, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Kamp, Hans, 'A theory of truth and semantic representation,' in
Formal Methods in the Study of Language, ed. J.A.G. Groenen-
dijk, T.M.V. Janssen and M.B.J. Stokhof, Mathematical Centre
Tracts 135, p. 277 322, Amsterdam, 1981.

Kaplan, Ronald M., 'Augmented transition networks as psychologi-
cal models of sentence comprehension,' Artificial Intelli-
gence, vol. 3, pp. 77-100, 1972.

Kaplan, Ronald M., 'A general syntactic processor,' in Natural
Language Processing, ed. Randall Rustin, pp. 193-241, Algo-
rithmics Press, New York, 1973.

Kaplan, Ronald M. and Joan Bresnan, 'Lexical functional grammar:
A formal system for grammatical representation,' in The Men-
tal Representation of Grammatical Relations, ed. Joan
Bresnan, pp. 173-281, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1982.

Karttunen, Lauri, 'KIMMO:  a general morphological processor,'
Texas Linguistic Forum, vol. 22, pp. 165-186, 1983.

Karttunen, Lauri, 'Features and values,' COLING-84, pp. 28-33,
1984.

Karttunen, Lauri, 'D-PATR: a development environment for
unification-based grammars,' COLING-86, pp. 74-80, 1986.

Karttunen, Lauri and Martin Kay, 'Structure sharing with binary
trees,' ACL Proceedings, 23rd Annual Meeting, pp. 133-136,
1985.

Karttunen, Lauri and Kent Wittenburg, 'A two-level morphological
analysis of English,' Texas Linguistic Forum, vol. 22, pp.
217-228, 1983.

Kasper, Robert, 'A unification method for disjunctive feature
descriptions,' ACL Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting, pp.
235-242, 1987.

Kasper, Robert and William Rounds, 'A logical semantics for
feature structures,' ACL Proceedings, 24th Annual Meeting,
pp. 257-266, 1986.

Kataja, Laura and Kimmo Koskenniemi, 'Finite-state description of
Semitic morphology: a case study of ancient Accadian,'
COLING-88, pp. 313-315, 1988.

Katz, Jerrold J. and Jerry A. Fodor, 'The structure of a semantic
theory,' Language, vol. 39, pp. 170-210, 1963.

Kay, Martin, 'The MIND system,' in Natural Language Processing,
ed. Randall Rustin, pp. 155-188, Algorithmics Press, New
York, 1973.

Kay, Martin, 'Functional grammar,' in Proceedings of the Fifth
Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed.
Christina Chiarello et al., pp. 142-158, 1979.

Kay, Martin, 'When meta-rules are not meta-rules,' in Automatic
Natural Language Parsing, ed. Karen Sparck-Jones and Yorick
A. Wilks, pp. 94-116, Ellis Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New
York, 1983.

Kay, Martin, 'Computational linguistics = generalized unification
+ applied graph theory,' Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial
Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies
of Intelligence, pp. 1-5, 1984.

Kay, Martin, 'Unification in grammar,' in Natural Language Under-
standing and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica Dahl and Pa-
trick Saint-Dizier, pp. 233-240, North-Holland, Amsterdam,
1985.

Kay, Martin, 'Parsing in functional unification grammar,' in Na-
tural Language Parsing, ed. David R. Dowty, Lauri Karttunen
and Arnold M. Zwicky, pp. 251-278, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1985.

Kay, Martin, 'Algorithm schemata and data structures in syntactic
processing,' in Readings in Natural Language Processing, ed.
Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber,
pp. 35-70, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1986 (1980).

Kay, Martin, 'Nonconcatenative finite-state morphology,' ACL
Proceedings, Third European Conference, pp. 2-10, 1987.

Keller, William R., 'Nested Cooper storage: the proper treatment
of quantification in ordinary noun phrases,' in Natural
Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories, ed. U. Reyle and
C. Rohrer, pp. 432-447, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1988.

Khan, Robert, 'A two-level morphological analysis of Rumanian,'
Texas Linguistic Forum, vol. 22, pp. 253-270, 1983.

Khan, Robert, Jocelyn S. Liu, Tatsuo Ito, and Kelly Shuldberg,
'KIMMO user's manual,' Texas Linguistic Forum, vol. 22, pp.
203-215, 1983.

Kilbury, James, 'Chart parsing and the Earley algorithm,' in Kon-
textfreie Syntaxen und verwandte Systeme, ed. Ursula Klenk,
Max Niemeyer, Tu'bingen, 1985.

Kimball, John P., 'Seven principles of surface structure parsing
in natural language,' Cognition, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 15-47,
1973.

Klein, Ewan and Johan van Benthem, eds, Categories, Polymorphism
and Unification, CCS/ILLI, Edinburgh/Amsterdam, 1987.

Koskenniemi, Kimmo, Two-level Morphology: a general computational
model for word-form recognition and production, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, 1983.

Koskenniemi, Kimmo, 'Two-level model for morphological analysis,'
IJCAI-83, pp. 683-685, 1983.

Koskenniemi, Kimmo, 'A general computational model for word-form
recognition and production,' COLING-84, pp. 178-181, 1984.

Koskenniemi, Kimmo and Kenneth W. Church, 'Complexity, two-level
morphology and Finnish,' COLING-88, pp. 335-340, 1988.

Kowalski, Robert A. and Christopher J. Hogger, 'Logic program-
ming,' in Encyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence, ed.
Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 544-558, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Langendoen, D. Terence, 'The generative capacity of word-
formation components,' Linguistic Inquiry, vol. 12, pp.
320-322, 1981.

Langendoen, D. Terence and Yedidyah Langsam, 'The representation
of constituent structures for finite-state parsing,'
COLING-84, pp. 24-27, 1984.

Leech, Geoffrey N., Principles of Pragmatics, Longmans, London
and New York, 1983.

Lespe'rance, Yves, 'Toward a computational interpretation of si-
tuation semantics,' Computational Intelligence, vol. 2, no.
1, pp. 9-27, 1986.

Levinson, Stephen C., 'The essential inadequacies of speech act
models of dialogue,' in Possibilities and limitations of
pragmatics, ed. H. Parret, M. Sbisa, and J. Verschueren, pp.
473-492, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 1981.

Levinson, Stephen C., Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press,
Camridge, 1983.

Lewis II, Philip M. and Richard E. Stearns, 'Syntax-directed
transduction,' Journal of the ACM, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 465-
488, 1968.

Li, D., A Prolog Database System, Research Studies Press, Letch-
worth, 1984.

Lindstedt, Jouko, 'A two-level description of Old Church Slavonic
morphology,' Scando-Slavica, vol. 30, pp. 165-189, 1984.

Lun, S., 'A two-level morphological analysis of French,' Texas
Linguistic Forum, vol. 22, pp. 271-278, 1983.

Lynch, William C. and H.L. Pierson, 'A finite state transducer
model for compiler lexical scanners,' Proceedings of the
IFIP Congress (Information Processing 68), pp. 448-455,
Edinburgh, Scotland, August 1968.

Lyons, John, Semantics 1 & 2, Cambridge University Press, London
and New York, 1977.

Maier, David, The Theory of Relational Databases, Computer Sci-
ence Press, Rockville, MD, 1983.

Maier, David and David S. Warren, Computing with Logic, Benjamin
Cummings, Menlo Park, 1988.

Main, Michael G. and David B. Benson, 'Denotational semantics for
'natural' language question-answering programs,' American
Journal of Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp.
11-21, 1983.

Marcus, Mitchell P., A Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natur-
al Language, MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma., 1980.

Martin, William A., Kenneth W. Church, and Ramesh S. Patil,
'Preliminary analysis of a breadth-first parsing algorithm:
theoretical and experimental results,' in Natural Language
Parsing Systems, ed. Leonard Bolc, pp. 267-328, Springer,
Berlin, 1987.

Matsumoto, Yuji, Hozumi Tanaka, H. Hirakawa, Hideo Miyoshi, and
Hideki Yasukawa, 'BUP: a bottom-up parser embedded in PRO-
LOG,' New Generation Computing, vol. 1, pp. 145-158, 1983.

Matsumoto, Yuji, Masaki Kiyono, and Hozumi Tanaka, 'Facilities of
the BUP parsing system,' in Natural Language Understanding
and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica Dahl and Patrick Saint-
Dizier, pp. 97-106, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985.

Matsumoto, Yuji, 'A parallel parsing system for natural language
analysis,' in Proceedings of the Third International Confer-
ence on Logic Programming, ed. Ehud Shapiro, pp. 396-409,
Springer, Berlin, 1986.

Matsumoto, Yuji, 'A parallel parsing system for natural language
analysis,' New Generation Computing, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 63-
78, 1987.

Matsumoto, Yuji and Ryoichi Sugimura, 'A parsing system based on
logic programming,' IJCAI-87, vol. 2, pp. 671-674, 1987.

McCawley, James D., 'The role of semantics in grammar,' in
Universals in Linguistic Theory, ed. Emmon Bach and Robert
Harms, pp. 125-169, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York,
1968.

McCawley, James D., 'Semantic representation,' in Cognition: A
Multiple View, ed. Paul M. Garvin, pp. 227-247, Spartan
Books, New York, 1970.

McCord, Michael C., 'Slot grammars,' American Journal of Computa-
tional Linguistics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 31-43, 1980.

McCord, Michael J., 'Semantic interpretation for the EPISTLE sys-
tem,' Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Logic Programming, pp. 65-76, Ord & Form, Uppsala, Sweden,
July 1984.

McCord, Michael C., 'Modular logic grammars,' ACL Proceedings,
23rd Annual Meeting, pp. 104-117, 1985.

McCord, Michael C., 'Focalizers, the scoping problem, and seman-
tic interpretation rules in logic grammars,' in Logic Pro-
gramming and its Applications (Volume 2), ed. Michel van
Canegham and David H.D. Warren, pp. 00-00, Ablex, Norwood,
New Jersey, 1986.

McDermott, Drew, 'Tarskian semantics, or no notation without
denotation,' in Readings in Natural Language Processing, ed.
Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber,
pp. 167-169, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1986 (1978).

McKeown, Kathleen R., Text Generation: Using Discourse Strategies
and Focus Constraints to Generate Natural Language Text,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.

Mellish, Christopher S., 'Incremental semantic interpretation in
a modular parsing system,' in Automatic Natural Language
Parsing, ed. Karen Sparck-Jones and Yorick A. Wilks, pp.
148-155, Ellis Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New York, 1983.

Mellish, Christopher S., Computer Interpretation of Natural
Language Descriptions, Ellis Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New
York, 1985.

Mellish, Christopher S., 'Implementing systemic classification by
unification,' Computational Linguistics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.
40-51, 1988.

Mercer, Robert E., 'Solving some persistent presupposition prob-
lems,' COLING-88, pp. 420-425, 1988.

Mercer, Robert E. and Raymond Reiter, 'The representations of
presuppositions using defaults,' Proceedings of the Fourth
Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Computation-
al Studies of Intelligence, pp. 103-107, 1982.

Mercer, Robert E. and Richard S. Rosenberg, 'Generating correc-
tive answers by computing presuppositions of answers, not of
questions, or mind yur P's, not Q's,' Proceedings of the

Fifth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Compu-
tational Studies of Intelligence, pp. 16-19, 1984.

Meya, Montserrat, 'Morphological analysis of Spanish for re-
trieval,' Literary & Linguistic Computing, vol. 2, no. 3,
pp. 166-170, 1987.

Milne, Robert W., 'Predicting garden path sentences,' Cognitive
Science, vol. 6, pp. 349-373, 1982.

, Jack Minker                    , Deductive Databases and Logic
Programming, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1988.

Minsky, Marvin, 'A framework for representing knowledge,' in Mind
Design, ed. John Haugeland, pp. 95-128, MIT Press, Cam-
bridge, Ma, 1981.

Mitton, Roger, 'A partial dictionary of English in computer-
usable form,' Literary & Linguistic Computing, vol. 1, no.
4, pp. 214-215, 1986.

Miyoshi, Hideo and Koichi Furukawa, 'Object-oriented parser in
the logic programming language ESP,' in Natural Language
Understanding and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica Dahl and
Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 107-119, North-Holland, Amsterdam,
1985.

Montague, Richard, in Formal Philosophy, Yale University Press,
New Haven, 1974.

Moran, Douglas B., 'The representation of inconsistent informa-
tion in a dynamic model-theoretic semantics,' ACL Proceed-
ings, 20th Annual Meeting, pp. 16-18, 1982.

Moran, Douglas B., 'Quantifier scoping in the SRI core language
engine,' ACL Proceedings, 26th Annual Meeting, pp. 00-00,
1988.

Morishita, T. and H. Hirakawa, 'GDLO: a grammar description
language based on DCG,' ICOT Technical Memorandum TM-0084,
Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT),
Tokyo, 1984.

Moshier, M. Drew and William C. Rounds, 'A logic for partially
specified data structures,' Conference Record of the Four-
teenth ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages,
pp. 156-167, Munich, West Germany, 1987.

Mukai, Kuniaki and Hideki Yasukawa, 'Complex indeterminates in
PROLOG and its application to discourse models,' New Genera-
tion Computing, vol. 3, pp. 441-466, 1985.

Nakazawa, Tsuneko, Laura Neher, and Erhard W. Hinrichs, 'Unifica-
tion with disjunctive and negative values for GPSG gram-
mars,' ECAI-88, pp. 467-472, 1988.                     

Neff, Mary S., Roy J. Byrd, and Omneya A. Rizk, 'Creating and
querying hierarchical lexical data bases,' ACL Proceedings,
Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing,
pp. 84-92, 1988.

Neuhaus, H. Joachim, 'Lexical database design: the Shakespeare
dictionary model,' COLING-86, pp. 441-444, 1986.

Nilsson, Nils J., Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelli-
gence, Tioga, Palo Alto, 1980.

Nozohoor-Farshi, R., 'Context-freeness of the language accepted
by Marcus' Parser,' ACL Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting,
pp. 117-122, 1987.

Nutter, Jane T., 'Default reasoning,' in Encyclopaedia of Artifi-
cial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 840-848, Wi-
ley, New York, 1987.

Okunishi, Toshiyuki, Ryoichi Sugimura, Yuji Matsumoto, Naoyoshi
Tamamura, Tadashi Kamiwaki, and Hozumi Tanaka, 'Comparison
of logic programming based natural language parsing sys-
tems,' in Natural Language Understanding and Logic Program-
ming, ed. Veronica Dahl and Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 1-14,
North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988.

Pareschi, Remo and Mark J. Steedman, 'A lazy way to chart-parse
with categorial grammars,' ACL Proceedings, 25th Annual
Meeting, pp. 81-88, 1987.

Partee, Barbara H., 'Opacity, coreference, and pronouns,' Syn-
these, vol. 21, pp. 359-385, 1970.

Partee, Barbara H., 'Compositionality,' in Varieties of Formal
Syntax, Proceedings of the 4th Amsterdam Colloquium, Sep-
tember 1982, ed. Fred Landman and Frank Veltman, pp. 281-
311, Foris, Dordrecht, 1984.

Pearl, Judea, Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Com-
puter Problem Solving, Addison Wesley, Reading, Ma., 1984.

Pelletier, Francis J. and Lenhart K. Schubert, 'Two theories for
computing the logical form of mass expressions,' COLING-84,
pp. 108-111, 1984.

Pereira, Fernando C.N., Gerald Gazdar, Stephen C. Pulman, Aravind
K. Joshi, and Martin Kay, 'Unification and the new gramma-
tism (panel),' TINLAP-3 clbook, pp. 32-55, 1987.

Pereira, Fernando C.N., 'Extraposition grammars,' in Proceedings
of the First International Workshop on Logic Programming,
ed. Sten-Ake Tarnlund, pp. 231-242, Holms Gards Tryckeri,
Debrecen, Hungary, 1980.                     

Pereira, Fernando C.N., 'A structure-sharing representation for
unification-based grammar formalisms,' ACL Proceedings, 23rd
Annual Meeting, pp. 137-144, 1985.

Pereira, Fernando C.N. and Stuart M. Shieber, 'The semantics of
grammar formalisms seen as computer languages,' COLING-84,
pp. 123-129, 1984.

Pereira, Fernando C.N. and Stuart M. Shieber, Prolog and
Natural-Language Analysis, CSLI Lecture Notes, 10, Chicago
University Press, Stanford, 1987.

Pereira, Fernando C.N. and David H.D. Warren, 'Definite clause
grammars for language analysis - a survey of the formalism
and a comparison with augmented transition networks,' Artif-
icial Intelligence, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 231-278, 1980.
Reprinted in Readings in Natural
Language Processing, ed. Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-
Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber, pp. 101-124, Morgan Kaufmann,
Los Altos, 1986 (1980).

Perlis, Donald, 'Nonmonotonic reasoning,' in Encyclopaedia of Ar-
tificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 849-853,
Wiley, New York, 1987.

Perrault, C. Raymond, 'On the mathematical properties of linguis-
tic theories,' Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, no. 3-4,
pp. 165-176, 1984.

Perrott, D.V., Swahili, Hodder & Stoughton, Sevenoaks, 1951.

Petrick, Stanley R., 'Parsing,' in Encyclopaedia of Artificial
Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 687-696, Wiley, New
York, 1987.

Pinkal, Manfred, 'Definite noun phrases and the semantics of
discourse,' COLING-86, pp. 368-373, 1986.

Pinkal, Manfred, 'Definite noun phrases and the semantics of
discourse,' COLING-86, pp. 368-373, 1986.

Pollard, Carl and Ivan A. Sag, An Information-Based Approach to
Syntax and Semantics: Volume 1 Fundamentals, CSLI Lecture
Notes No. 13, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1988.

Porto, Antonio and Miguel Figueiras, 'Natural language semantics:
a logic programming approach,' in Proceedings of the First
IEEE Symposium on Logic Programming, pp. 228-232, IEEE Com-
puter Society Press, Silver Spring, MD, 1984.

Power, Richard, 'The organisation of purposeful dialogues,'                     
Linguistics, vol. 17, no. 1/2, pp. 107-152, 1979.

Power, Richard and H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins, 'Learning to
count: a computational model of language acquisition,'
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, vol. 200, pp.
391-417, 1978.

Pullum, Geoffrey K., 'Context-freeness and the computer process-
ing of human languages,' ACL Proceedings, 21st Annual Meet-
ing, pp. 1-6, 1983.

Pullum, Geoffrey K., 'On two recent attempts to show that English
is not a CFL,' Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, no. 3-4,
pp. 182-186, 1984.

Pullum, Geoffrey K., 'Syntactic and semantic parsability,'
COLING-84, pp. 112-122, 1984.

Pullum, Geoffrey K., 'Natural language interfaces and strategic
computing,' AI & Society, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 47-58, 1987.

Pullum, Geoffrey K. and Gerald Gazdar, 'Natural languages and
context-free languages,' Linguistics & Philosophy, vol. 4,
pp. 471-504, 1982.

Pulman, Stephen G., 'Generalized phrase structure grammar,
Earley's algorithm, and the minimisation of recursion,' in
Automatic Natural Language Parsing, ed. Karen Sparck-Jones
and Yorick A. Wilks, pp. 117-131, Ellis Horwood/Wiley,
Chichester/New York, 1983.

Pulman, Stephen G., 'Grammars, parsers, and memory limitations,'
Language and Cognitive Processes, vol. 1, pp. 197-225, 1986.

Ramsay, Allan, 'Effective parsing with generalized phrase struc-
ture grammar,' ACL Proceedings, Second European Conference,
pp. 57-61, 1985.

Ramsay, Allan, Formal Methods in Artificial Intelligence, Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.

Raphael, Bertram, The Thinking Computer: Mind Inside Matter, W.H.
Freeman, San Francisco, 1976.

Reape, Mike and Henry S. Thompson, 'Parallel intersection and
serial composition of finite state transducers,' COLING-88,
pp. 535-539, 1988.

Reyle, Uwe, 'Grammatical functions, discourse, referents, and
quantification,' IJCAI-85, vol. 2, pp. 829-831, 1985.

Rich, Elaine, Artificial Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, New York, New
York, 1983.

Riesbeck, Christopher K., 'From conceptual analyzer to direct                     
memory access parsing: An overview,' in Advances in Cogni-
tive Science 1, ed. Noel E. Sharkey, pp. 236-258, Ellis
Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New York, 1986.

Ritchie, Graeme D., 'Semantics in parsing,' in Parsing Natural
Language, ed. Margaret King, pp. 199-217, Academic Press,
London, 1983.

Ritchie, Graeme D., 'The implementation of a PIDGIN interpreter,'
in Automatic Natural Language Parsing, ed. Karen Sparck-
Jones and Yorick A. Wilks, pp. 69-80, Ellis Horwood/Wiley,
Chichester/New York, 1983.

Ritchie, Graeme D., 'Simulating a Turing machine using functional
unification grammar,' ECAI-84, pp. 127-136, 1984.

Ritchie, Graeme D., 'Simulating a Turing machine using functional
unification grammar,' in Advances in Artificial Intelli-
gence, ed. Tim O'Shea, pp. 285-294, North-Holland, Amster-
dam, 1985.

Ritchie, Graeme D., 'The computational complexity of sentence
derivation in functional unification grammar,' COLING-86,
pp. 584-586, 1986.

Ritchie, Graeme D., 'The lexicon,' in Linguistic Theory and Com-
puter Applications, ed. Peter Whitelock, Mary McGee Wood,
Harold L. Somers, Rod L. Johnson and Paul Bennett, pp. 225-
256, Academic Press, London, 1987.

Ritchie, Graeme D. and Henry S. Thompson, 'Natural language pro-
cessing,' in Artificial Intelligence: Tools, Techniques, and
Applications, ed. Tim O'Shea and Marc Eisenstadt, pp. 358-
388, Harper & Row, New York, 1984.

Robinson, J.A., 'A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution
principle,' Journal of the ACM, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 23-41,
January 1965.

Rosenschein, Stanley J. and Stuart M. Shieber, 'Translating En-
glish into logical form,' ACL Proceedings, 20th Annual Meet-
ing, pp. 1-8, 1982.

Kasper, Robert and William Rounds, 'A logical semantics for
feature structures,' ACL Proceedings, 24th Annual Meeting,
pp. 257-266, 1986.

Russell, Graham J., Stephen G. Pulman, Graeme D. Ritchie, and
A.W. Black, 'A dictionary and morphological analyser for En-
glish,' COLING-86, pp. 277-279, 1986.

Sabatier, Paul, 'Puzzle grammars,' in Natural Language Under-
standing and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica Dahl and Pa-
trick Saint-Dizier, pp. 139-152, North-Holland, Amsterdam,                     
1985.

Hein, A. Sa8o9agvall, 'Parsing by means of Uppsala Chart Processor
(UCP),' in Natural Language Parsing Systems, ed. Leonard
Bolc, pp. 203-266, Springer, Berlin, 1987.

Saint-Dizier, Patrick, 'Handling quantifier scoping ambiguities
in a semantic representation of natural language sentences,'
in Natural Language Understanding and Logic Programming, ed.
Veronica Dahl and Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 49-63, North-
Holland, Amsterdam, 1985.

Saint-Dizier, Patrick, 'An approach to natural-language semantics
in logic programming,' Journal of Logic Programming, vol. 3,
no. 4, pp. 329-356, December 1986.

Saint-Dizier, Patrick, 'Expression of syntactic and semantic
features in logic-based grammars,' Computational Intelli-
gence, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 1986.

Sampson, Geoffrey, 'Context-free parsing and the adequacy of
context-free grammars,' in Parsing Natural Language, ed.
Margaret King, pp. 151-170, Academic Press, London, 1983.

Sampson, Geoffrey, 'Deterministic parsing,' in Parsing Natural
Language, ed. Margaret King, pp. 91-116, Academic Press,
London, 1983.

Sanamrad, Mohammad Ali, Koichi Wada, and Haruya Matsumoto, 'A
hardware syntactic analysis processor,' IEEE Micro, vol. 7,
no. 4, pp. 73-80, August 1987.

Sandt, Rob A. van der, Context and Presupposition, Croom Helm,
London, 1988.

Scha, Remko J.H., Bertram C. Bruce, and Livia Polanyi, 'Discourse
understanding,' in Encyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence,
ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 233-245, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Schank, Roger, 'Conceptual dependency: a theory of natural
language understanding,' Cognitive Psychology, vol. 3, pp.
552-631, 1972.

Schank, Roger and Robert Abelson, Scripts, Plans, Goals and
Understanding, Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Hillsdale,
New Jersey, 1977.

Schank, Roger C. and Charles J. Rieger, III, 'Inference and the
computer understanding of natural language,' Artificial In-
telligence, vol. 5, pp. 373-412, 1974.

Schank, Roger C. and Christopher K. Riesbeck, eds., Inside Com-
puter Understanding: Five Programs plus Miniatures, Erlbaum,
Hillsdale, 1981.                     

Schubert, Lenhart K., 'Are there preference trade-offs in attach-
ment decisions ?,' AAAI-86, vol. 1, pp. 601-605, 1986.

Schubert, Lenhart K. and Francis J. Pelletier, 'From English to
logic: context-free computation of 'conventional' logical
translation,' American Journal of Computational Linguistics,
vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 27-44, 1982.
Reprinted in Readings in Natural Language Processing,
ed. Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and Bonnie Lynn
Webber, pp. 293-311, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1986
(1982).

Schwartz, Steven C., Applied Natural Language Processing, Petro-
celli, Princeton, N.J., 1987.

Sedgewick, Robert, Algorithms, Addison Wesley, Reading, Ma, 1983.

Sedogbo, Celestin, 'SYLOG: A DRT System in Prolog,' in Natural
Language Understanding and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica
Dahl and Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 185-201, North-Holland,
Amsterdam, 1988.

Sells, Peter, Lectures on Contemporary Syntactic Theories, CSLI
Lecture Notes No. 3, Chicago University Press, Chicago,
1985.

Shapiro, Stuart C., Encyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence, Wi-
ley, New York, 1987.

Sheil, Beau A., 'Observations on context free parsing,' Statisti-
cal Methods in Linguistics, pp. 71-109, 1976.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'Sentence disambiguation by a shift-reduce
parsing technique,' IJCAI-83, pp. 699-703, 1983.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'Evidence against the non-context-freeness of
natural language,' Linguistics and Philosophy, vol. 8, no.
3, pp. 333-343, 1985.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'Criteria for designing computer facilities
for linguistic analysis,' Linguistics, vol. 23, no. 2, pp.
189-211, 1985.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'Using restriction to extend parsing algo-
rithms for complex-feature-based formalisms,' ACL Proceed-
ings, 23rd Annual Meeting, pp. 145-152, 1985.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'A simple reconstruction of GPSG,' COLING-86,
pp. 211-215, 1986.

Shieber, Stuart M., An Introduction to Unification-Based Ap-                     
proaches to Grammar, University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
1986.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'Separating linguistic analyses from linguis-
tic theories,' in Linguistic Theory & Computer Applications,
ed. Peter Whitelock, Mary McGee Wood, Harold L. Somers, Rod
L. Johnson and Paul Bennett, pp. 1-36, Academic Press, Lon-
don, 1987.

Shieber, Stuart M., 'A uniform architecture for parsing and gen-
eration,' COLING-88, pp. 614-619, 1988.

Slack, Jon M., 'Distributed memory: a basis for chart parsing,'
COLING-86, pp. 476-481, 1986.

Slocum, Jonathan, 'A survey of machine translation: its history,
current status, and future prospects,' Computational
Linguistics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 1985.

Smith, Brian C., 'Linguistic and computational semantics,' ACL
Proceedings, 20th Annual Meeting, pp. 9-15, 1982.

Sparck-Jones, Karen, 'So what about parsing compound nouns?,' in
Automatic Natural Language Parsing, ed. Karen Sparck-Jones
and Yorick A. Wilks, pp. 164-168, Ellis Horwood/Wiley,
Chichester/New York, 1983.

Sparck-Jones, Karen and Yorick A. Wilks, eds., Automatic Natural
Language Parsing, Ellis Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New York,
1983.

Stabler Jr., Edward P., 'Deterministic and bottom-up parsing in
PROLOG,' AAAI-83, pp. 383-386, 1983.

Steel, Sam and Anne N. De Roeck, 'Bidirectional chart parsing,'
in Advances in Artificial Intelligence (Proceedings of
AISB-87), ed. Christopher S. Mellish and John Hallam, pp.
223-235, Wiley, Chichester, 1987.

Sterling, Leon and Ehud Shapiro, The Art of Prolog, MIT Press,
Cambridge, Ma, 1986.

Sugimura, Ryoichi, 'Japanese honorifics and situation semantics,'
COLING-86, pp. 507-510, 1986.

Sugimura, Ryoichi, Hideo Miyoshi, and Kuniaki Mukai, 'Constraint
analysis on Japanese modification,' in Natural Language
Understanding and Logic Programming, ed. Veronica Dahl and
Patrick Saint-Dizier, pp. 93-106, North-Holland, Amsterdam,
1988.

Tait, John I., 'Semantic parsing and syntactic constraints (mark
IV),' in Automatic Natural Language Parsing, ed. Karen

Sparck-Jones and Yorick A. Wilks, pp. 169-177, Ellis
Horwood/Wiley, Chichester/New York, 1983.

Tennant, Harry R., Natural Language Processing, Petrocelli, New
York, 1981.

Thomason, Richmond H., 'A semantic theory of sortal incorrect-
ness,' Journal of Philosophical Logic, vol. 1, pp. 209-258,
1972.

Thompson, Henry S., 'Chart parsing and rule schemata in PSG,' ACL
Proceedings, 19th Annual Meeting, pp. 167-172, 1981.

Thompson, Henry S., 'MCHART: a flexible, modular chart parsing
system,' AAAI-83, pp. 408-410, 1983.

Thompson, Henry S., 'Speech transcription: an incremental, in-
teractive approach,' in Advances in Artificial Intelligence,
ed. Tim O'Shea, pp. 267-274, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985.

Thompson, Henry S. and Graeme D. Ritchie, 'Implementing natural
language parsers,' in Artificial Intelligence: Tools, Tech-
niques, and Applications, ed. Tim O'Shea and Marc Eisen-
stadt, pp. 245-300, Harper & Row, New York, 1984.

Thorne, James, P. Bratley, and Hamish Dewar, 'The syntactic
analysis of English by machine,' in Machine Intelligence 3,
ed. Donald Michie, Elsevier, New York, 1968.

Tomita, Masaru, 'LR parsers for natural languages,' COLING-84,
pp. 354-357, 1984.

Tomita, Masaru, Efficient Parsing for Natural Language: A Fast
Algorithm for Practical Systems, Kluwer, Boston, 1986.

Touretsky, David S., The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems,
Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann, London/Los Altos, 1986.

Touretsky, David S., 'Inheritance hierarchy,' in Encyclopaedia of
Artificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 422-431,
Wiley, New York, 1987.

Trost, Harald and Ernst Buchberger, 'Towards the automatic ac-
quisition of lexical data,' COLING-86, pp. 387-389, 1986.

Uehara, Kuniaki, Ryo Ochitani, Osamu Kakusho, and Jun'ichi Toyo-
da, 'A bottom-up parser based on predicate logic: a survey
of the formalism and its implementation technique,' in 1984
International Symposium on Logic Programming, IEEE Computer
Society Press, Silver Spring, MD, 1984.

Ullman, Jeffry D., Principles of Database Systems, Computer Sci-
ence Press, Rockville, MD, 1982.

Uszkoreit, Hans, 'Categorial unification grammar,' COLING-86, pp.
187-194, 1986.

Wada, Hajime and Nicholas Asher, 'BUILDRS: an implementation of
DR theory and LFG,' COLING-86, pp. 540-545, 1986.

Walker, Adrian, Michael C. McCord, John F. Sowa, and Walter G.
Wilson, Knowledge Systems and Prolog, Addison-Wesley, Read-
ing, Ma, 1987.

Warren, David S., 'Using lambda-calculus to represent meanings in
logic grammars,' , pp. 51-56, 1983.

Warren, David S., 'Using Montague semantics in natural language
understanding,' Theoretical Approaches to Natural Language
Understanding, a Workshop at Halifax, Nova Scotia, pp. 61-
68, 1985.

Warren, David S. and Joyce Friedman, 'Using semantics in non-
context-free parsing of Montague grammar,' American Journal
of Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 123-138,
1982.

Warren, David H.D. and Fernando C.N. Pereira, 'An efficient easi-
ly adaptable system for interpreting natural language
queries,' American Journal of Computational Linguistics,
vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 110-122, 1982.

Webber, Bonnie Lynn, 'Question answering,' in Encyclopaedia of
Artificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 814-822,
Wiley, New York, 1987.

Wehrli, Eric, 'Design and implementation of a lexical data base,'
ACL Proceedings, Second European Conference, pp. 146-153,
1985.

Weizenbaum, Joseph, 'ELIZA - a computer program for the study of
natural language communication between man and machine,'
Communications of the ACM, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 36-45, 1966.

Whorf, Benjamin L., 'Linguistics as an exact science,' Technology
Review, vol. 43, pp. 61-63, 80-83, 1940.

Wilensky, Robert, Planning and understanding, Addison Wesley, New
York, 1983.

Wilks, Yorick, 'A preferential, pattern-seeking, semantics for
natural language inference,' Artificial Intelligence, vol.
6, pp. 53-74, 1975.

Wilks, Yorick, 'Good and bad arguments about semantic primi-
tives,' Communication & Cognition, vol. 8, pp. 201-219,
1977.

Wilks, Yorick A., 'Right attachment and preference semantics,'
ACL Proceedings, Second European Conference, pp. 89-92,
1985.

Wilks, Yorick, 'Primitives,' in Encyclopaedia of Artificial In-
telligence, ed. Stuart C. Shapiro, pp. 759-761, Wiley, New
York, 1987.

Winograd, Terry, Understanding Natural Language, Academic Press,
New York, 1972.

Winograd, Terry, Language as a Cognitive Process: Syntax,
Addison-Wesley., Reading, Ma., 1983.

Winograd, Terry and Fernando Flores, Understanding Computers and
Cognition, Ablex, Norwood, 1986.

Winston, Patrick H., Artificial Intelligence (Second Edition),
Addison Wesley, Reading, Ma, 1984.

Wiren, Mats, 'A comparison of rule-invocation strategies in
context-free chart parsing,' ACL Proceedings, Third European
Conference, pp. 226-235, 1987.

Wittenburg, Kent, 'A parser for portable NL interfaces using
graph-unification-based grammars,' AAAI-86, vol. 2, pp.
1053-1058, 1986.

Wood, Derek, The Theory of Computation, Harper & Row, New York,
1987                     .

Woods, William A., 'Procedural semantics for a question-answering
machine,' AFIPS Conference Proceedings, vol. 33, pp. 457-
471, 1968.

Woods, William A., 'Transition network grammars for natural
language analysis,' Communications of the ACM, vol. 13, no.
10, pp. 591-596, October 1970.
Reprinted in Readings in Natural Language Process-
ing, ed. Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-Jones and
Bonnie Lynn Webber, pp. 71-87, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos,
1986 (1970).

Woods, William, 'Progress in natural language understanding: an
application to lunar geology,' AFIPS Conference Proceedings,
vol. 42, pp. 441-450, 1973.

Woods, William A., 'Semantics and quantification in natural
language question answering,' in Readings in Natural
Language Processing, ed. Barbara J. Grosz, Karen Sparck-
Jones and Bonnie Lynn Webber, pp. 205-248, Morgan Kaufmann,
Los Altos, 1986 (1978).

Woods, William A., 'Cascaded ATN grammars,' American Journal of
Computational Linguistics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 1980.

Woods, William A., 'Procedural semantics as a theory of meaning,'
in Elements of Discourse Understanding, ed. Aravind K.
Joshi, Bonnie Lynn Webber and Ivan Sag, pp. 300-334, Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.

Woods, William A., 'Augmented transition network grammar,' in En-
cyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence, ed. Stuart C.
Shapiro, pp. 323-333, Wiley, New York, 1987.

Wos, Larry, Ross A. Overbeek, Ewing L. Lusk, and James Boyle, Au-
tomated Reasoning: Introduction and Applications, Prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1984.

Wroblewski, David, 'Nondestructive graph unification,' AAAI-87,
pp. 582-589, 1987.

Yngve, Victor H., 'A programming language for mechanical transla-
tion,' Mechanical Translation, vol. 5, pp. 25-41, 1958.

Younger, David H., 'Recognition and parsing of context-free
languages in time n3,' Information and Control, vol. 10, pp.
189-208, 1967.

Zeevat, Henk, 'Combining categorial grammar and unification,' in
Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories, ed. U.
Reyle and C. Rohrer, pp. 202-229, D. Reidel, Dordrecht,
1988.